Trait groups as management entities in a complex,multispecies reef fishery

Localized stressors compound the ongoing climate-driven decline of coral reefs, requiring natural resource managers to work with rapidly shifting paradigms. Trait-based adaptive management (TBAM) is a new framework to help address changing conditions by choosing and implementing management actions specific to species groups that share key traits, vulnerabilities, and management responses. In TBAM maintenance of functioning ecosystems is balanced with provisioning for human subsistence and livelihoods. We first identified trait-based groups of food fish in a Pacific coral reef with hierarchical clustering. Positing that trait-based groups performing comparable functions respond similarly to both stressors and management actions, we ascertained biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of trait-group biomass and evaluated their vulnerabilities with generalized additive models. Clustering identified 7 trait groups from 131 species. Groups responded to different drivers and displayed divergent vulnerabilities; human activities emerged as important predictors of community structuring. Biomass of small, solitary reef-associated species increased with distance from key fishing ports, and large, solitary piscivores exhibited a decline in biomass with distance from a port. Group biomass also varied in response to different habitat types, the presence or absence of reported dynamite fishing activity, and exposure to wave energy. The differential vulnerabilities of trait groups revealed how the community structure of food fishes is driven by different aspects of resource use and habitat. This inherent variability in the responses of trait-based groups presents opportunities to apply selective TBAM strategies for complex, multispecies fisheries. This approach can be widely adjusted to suit local contexts and priorities.     

电镀锌镍合金与热渗锌涂层热带海洋大气环境腐蚀规律对比分析

目的 解决钢铁表面金属涂层在热带海洋大气环境中易腐蚀损伤或失效的问题，选择对热带海洋大气环境耐腐蚀性能优良的金属涂层，提高钢铁工件的使用寿命。方法 在某热带海域进行户外暴露试验，对钢铁试片电镀锌镍合金和热渗锌2种金属涂层的腐蚀规律进行研究。通过扫描电镜、X射线能谱仪、光学显微镜、划格试验等，对锌镍合金镀层和热渗锌涂层的表面形貌、化学成分、截面形貌、涂层厚度及附着力等分别进行观察与测试。结果 电镀锌镍合金镀层主要发生选择性腐蚀和点蚀，在720 d内具有较好的腐蚀防护性能。热渗锌层以均匀腐蚀为主，涂层微裂纹促进了腐蚀，在90 d内基体无腐蚀，360~720 d涂层的腐蚀速率较快。结论 在采用的2种金属涂层工艺中，电镀锌镍合金镀层的耐腐蚀性能远优于热渗锌涂层。相对于该热渗锌涂层，电镀锌镍合金镀层更加适合作为钢铁工件金属涂层在该海域大气环境中长期使用。     

珊瑚礁生态系统中的汞循环研究进展

珊瑚礁生态系统具有丰富的生物多样性、极高的初级生产力、快速的物质循环等特点，被称为"海洋中的热带雨林"，在维系全球生态环境方面发挥重要作用。由于绝大部分珊瑚礁位于近海，有害金属元素如汞能够通过各种渠道进入珊瑚礁生长水域，在珊瑚礁生物中富集并经过食物链放大，对珊瑚礁生态系统造成潜在危害。本文简单介绍了珊瑚礁系统的基本概念、组成和生态功能，并汇总了目前报道的珊瑚礁生态系统中海水、沉积物、食物网、珊瑚中的汞的含量与形态。总体上，珊瑚礁生态系统中的汞研究极其有限，目前对该重要系统中的汞循环并不清楚。未来可结合稳定汞同位素方法对珊瑚礁生态系统汞的来源、迁移与转化进行示踪，认清珊瑚礁的汞汇通量，发展珊瑚骨骼对生长水域汞污染的监测技术和理论。     

有机紫外吸收剂在珊瑚礁区的污染特征及生态风险评价

有机紫外吸收剂是一类"准持久性"有机污染物,广泛存在于珊瑚礁区的各种环境介质中,并会对珊瑚健康产生威胁。近年来,随着珊瑚礁退化加重,珊瑚礁区有机紫外吸收剂污染问题逐渐受到重视。综述了近年来有机紫外吸收剂在全球不同珊瑚礁区水体、沉积物和珊瑚组织中的污染水平、时空分布特征,并评估了有机紫外吸收剂对珊瑚礁生态系统的危害程度。结果表明,每个海域的有机紫外吸收剂种类及浓度不尽相同,海水中的有机紫外吸收剂浓度总体处于ng/L至mg/L水平,并且近岸海域污染通常高于远岸海域污染,夏季污染通常高于其他季节污染。在二苯酮-1(BP-1)、二苯酮-3(BP-3)、二苯酮-8(BP-8)、对甲氧基肉桂酸辛酯(EHMC)、奥克立林(OC)等5种有机紫外吸收剂中,BP-3对珊瑚具有最大威胁,对88%以上的所调研珊瑚礁的珊瑚具有高生态风险,而BP-1、BP-8、EHMC、OC只在少部分珊瑚礁区对珊瑚具有中低生态风险。